In biological taxonomy, additional classifications like "sub-" and "super-" ranks, as well as categories like "clades," are used to refine classification further, especially as scientific understanding of relationships improves. Here's an overview, with the expanded ranks and common terms from broadest to most specific:

Domain

The highest, broadest rank, grouping life into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Superkingdom

Sometimes used synonymously with "Domain" to reflect evolutionary separations (e.g., Prokaryota as a superkingdom that includes Archaea and Bacteria).

Kingdom –

The major categories within domains. In Eukarya, this includes Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.

Subkingdom –

A subdivision within kingdoms to reflect significant structural differences (e.g., Subkingdom Metazoa within Animalia for multicellular animals).

Infrakingdom –

A lesser-used rank within subkingdoms, applied to specific groups needing additional classification.

Superphylum (or Superdivision in plants and fungi) –

A broader grouping of related phyla (e.g., Deuterostomia, which includes phyla like Chordata and Echinodermata).

Phylum (or Division in plants and fungi)

Major groupings within kingdoms, such as Chordata in Animalia.

Subphylum

A division within a phylum (e.g., Vertebrata within Chordata).

Superclass

A grouping of related classes (e.g., Tetrapoda for animals with four limbs, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).

Class

Organisms within each phylum divided into classes, such as Mammalia in Chordata.

Subclass

A subgroup within a class, providing finer classification (e.g., Theria within Mammalia for placental and marsupial mammals).

Infraclass

A rank below subclass, used in more detailed classifications (e.g., Eutheria, the infraclass for placental mammals within Theria).

Superorder

A higher grouping of related orders within a class (e.g., Euarchontoglires, a superorder that includes primates, rodents, and lagomorphs).

Order

Each class is divided into orders, like Carnivora within Mammalia.

Suborder

Further division within orders, like Feliformia within Carnivora.

Infraorder

A rank below suborder, providing additional classification (e.g., Feloidea for cats and related species within Feliformia).

Parvorder

A rare subdivision, particularly in large orders (e.g., Platyrrhini for New World monkeys within the primate order).

Superfamily

A higher grouping of related families within an order (e.g., Hominoidea, the superfamily that includes apes and humans).

Family

A rank grouping related genera, like Felidae for all cats.

Subfamily

A division within families, used to group closely related genera (e.g., Pantherinae within Felidae for large cats).

Tribe

A rank within a subfamily, grouping similar genera (e.g., Pantherini for big cats like lions, tigers, and leopards within Pantherinae).

Genus

Closely related species are grouped here, such as Panthera within the family Felidae.

Subgenus

An optional rank within a genus for especially diverse groups (e.g., Panthera as a genus with the subgenus Leo for lions).

Species

The most specific classification, where each organism receives a unique two-part name (e.g., Panthera leo for lions).

Subspecies

The lowest recognized taxonomic rank, denoting populations within a species with minor genetic, morphological, or behavioral differences (e.g., Panthera leo persica, the Asiatic lion).

Special Categories and "Oddities":

Clade

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants. Unlike ranks, clades don’t need hierarchical levels and can include any taxonomic ranks (e.g., clade Mammalia or clade Vertebrata). Clades are often used in evolutionary biology and phylogenetic studies, where relationships are depicted as branching trees.

Cohort

A lesser-used rank that can be between orders and classes, often in paleontology and evolutionary biology.

Grade

Used to describe organisms that share a similar level of organization or structure but may not form a true evolutionary lineage. For example, "fish" is a grade grouping of aquatic vertebrates but not a clade, as it doesn’t include all descendants (e.g., terrestrial vertebrates).

This flexible system allows taxonomy to reflect both historical classifications and modern evolutionary insights.